Porcelain Insulators

Porcelain Insulators

Type
Voltage
Dry lightning impulse voltage
Wet power frequency voltage
Mechanical load
Country of origin

Customized porcelain insulator for best price and fast worldwide delivery

Porcelain insulators play a crucial role in power transmission and distribution systems by providing electrical insulation and mechanical support for overhead lines and other electrical equipment. These insulators are commonly used in high-voltage applications due to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Here are some key aspects related to porcelain insulators for power transmission and distribution:

Material and Construction: Material: Porcelain insulators are typically made from high-quality clay, feldspar, and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to create a durable and vitrified material. Construction: The insulators are usually constructed as a series of discs or shells connected by metal fittings. The number of discs depends on the voltage rating of the insulator.

Types of Porcelain Insulators: Pin Insulators: Used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Suspension Insulators: Hung from overhead structures and used in high-voltage transmission lines. Strain Insulators: Used to provide insulation in locations where the conductor changes direction or is terminated.

Functions: Electrical Insulation: Prevents the flow of electric current between the conductor and the supporting structure. Mechanical Support: Supports the weight of the conductors and withstands environmental forces like wind and ice.

Voltage Classes: Porcelain insulators are available in various voltage classes to meet the requirements of different power systems, ranging from low voltage (LV) to extra high voltage (EHV) applications.

Design Considerations: Creepage Distance: The distance along the surface of the insulator that prevents the formation of a conducting path due to contaminants and pollutants. Flashover Voltage: The minimum voltage that causes a disruptive discharge over the surface of the insulator. Mechanical Strength: Porcelain insulators must have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand mechanical loads, especially in areas prone to strong winds and ice.

Maintenance and Inspection: Regular inspection is necessary to identify any cracks, chips, or contamination on the insulator surface. Cleaning and washing insulators may be required to maintain their performance.

Advantages: High dielectric strength. Resistance to environmental conditions. Long service life when properly maintained.

Challenges: Porcelain insulators are relatively heavy compared to other materials. Susceptible to damage from mechanical impact.

Alternative Materials: In certain applications, polymer insulators are gaining popularity due to their lighter weight and resistance to vandalism.

International Standards: Porcelain insulators are manufactured in accordance with international standards, such as IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

Porcelain insulators continue to be widely used in power systems globally, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving their performance and exploring alternative materials for specific applications.

According to IEC VDE DIN ANSI ISO IEEE standards, porcelain insulator is of the following type post insulator, railway insulator, suspension insulator, tension insulator, construction metal end fitting, e-field control, rod, housing, sheath of the rod, weather sheath and features high voltage, medium voltage, low voltage, manual and label, indoor use, outdoor use, wet weather conditions, antistatic, tested, electrostatic, certified, adjustable, insulated, insulating, composite, oil resistant, high quality.

In power transmission and distribution systems, porcelain insulators are classified into different types based on their design, application, and voltage requirements. Here are some common types of porcelain insulators used in power transmission and distribution:

Pin Insulators: Application: Typically used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Design: Consists of a single porcelain piece with a spindle at the center. The spindle is used to attach the insulator to a crossarm on a utility pole.

Suspension Insulators: Application: Used in high-voltage transmission lines to support and insulate conductors. Design: Consists of multiple porcelain discs connected in series by a metal link or rod. The entire assembly is suspended from a supporting structure.

Strain Insulators: Application: Employed in locations where the conductor changes direction or is terminated. Design: Similar to suspension insulators but designed to withstand tension forces along the line.

Post Insulators: Application: Used in substations and switchyards to support busbars and other equipment. Design: Typically cylindrical or rectangular in shape, with flanges for mounting. Post insulators provide insulation between the conductor and the supporting structure.

Cap and Pin Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution systems. Design: Combines the features of both pin and suspension insulators. It has a cap on the top, resembling a pin insulator, and a series of discs underneath, similar to a suspension insulator.

Shackle Insulators: Application: Used in low-voltage distribution systems, particularly for supporting service wires. Design: Resembles a short, single-disc suspension insulator with a metal eye or shackle for attachment.

Clevis Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution lines. Design: Features a clevis or U-shaped metal fitting for attachment to a crossarm on a utility pole. The design provides both electrical insulation and mechanical support.

Transformer Bushings: Application: Used in transformers to provide electrical insulation between the winding and the transformer tank. Design: Bushing-shaped insulators installed on the top cover or sidewall of a transformer.

These types of porcelain insulators are selected based on the specific requirements of the power system, including voltage levels, environmental conditions, and mechanical loads. It’s important to consider factors such as creepage distance, flashover voltage, and mechanical strength when choosing the appropriate type of porcelain insulator for a given application. Additionally, adherence to international standards ensures the reliability and performance of these insulators in power transmission and distribution networks.

Porcelain insulators are widely used in power transmission and distribution for their excellent electrical insulating properties, mechanical strength, and resistance to environmental conditions. The various types of porcelain insulators find applications in different aspects of power systems. Here’s how porcelain insulators are commonly used in power transmission and distribution:

Pin Insulators: Application: Used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Placement: Mounted on the crossarms of utility poles. Function: Provides electrical insulation between the conductor and the pole, preventing current leakage.

Suspension Insulators: Application: Employed in high-voltage transmission lines to support and insulate conductors. Placement: Hung in a vertical string from supporting structures such as towers or poles. Function: Distributes the electrical potential along the string of insulators, preventing arcing and ensuring effective insulation.

Strain Insulators: Application: Used at points where conductors change direction or terminate, absorbing tension forces. Placement: Installed at dead-end points or corners of the transmission line. Function: Provides both electrical insulation and mechanical support, preventing damage to the line during tension changes.

Post Insulators: Application: Installed in substations and switchyards to support and insulate busbars and other equipment. Placement: Mounted on structures to support electrical equipment. Function: Offers insulation for conductors in a compact form factor, essential for the efficient operation of substations.

Cap and Pin Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution systems. Placement: Installed on distribution poles. Function: Combines the features of pin and suspension insulators, providing both mechanical support and electrical insulation.

Shackle Insulators: Application: Used in low-voltage distribution systems, often for supporting service wires. Placement: Attached to crossarms on utility poles. Function: Provides electrical insulation and support for low-voltage lines.

Clevis Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution lines. Placement: Mounted on crossarms on utility poles. Function: Offers a combination of electrical insulation and mechanical support.

Transformer Bushings: Application: Installed on transformers to provide insulation between the transformer windings and the tank. Placement: Mounted on the top cover or sidewall of the transformer. Function: Ensures electrical integrity within the transformer.

Porcelain insulators are chosen based on factors such as voltage level, environmental conditions, and mechanical load requirements. Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to ensure the continued reliability and performance of porcelain insulators in power transmission and distribution networks.

Porcelain insulator and safe working environment

To ensure a safe working environment, use porcelain insulator in e-mobility, high voltage substation, medium voltage substation, low voltage substation, overhead power line, transformer substation, high voltage switchgear, medium voltage switchgear, low voltage switchgear, railway, subway, tramway, solar panels, hybrid car, batteries, cable, electrical sector, power plant, production, transport, energy transmission, energy distribution.

Buy online porcelain insulator save a lot of time and money

As a electrician, procurement, sales engineer, bidding engineer, design engineer, project manager, commissioning engineer, service engineer, operations engineer, safety manager, quality manager, electrical engineer, electrical engineer, automotive engineer, chemical engineer, electronics engineer, engineering department manager, environmental engineer, health and safety engineer, hydraulics engineer, industrial engineer, installation, repair, department manager, logistics engineer, materials engineer, mechanical engineer, planning engineer, production engineer, professional engineer, structural engineer, technical department manager, electrician welder, craftsman construction worker, installation worker, safety worker, procurement, purchasing, supervisor, foreman, commissioning engineer, skilled mechanics fitter, skilled electricians, non-skilled labor, electric engineer, you benefit from direct procurement, customized products, fast delivery, huge product variety, 24/7 stock, price, delivery time availability, 24/7 live chat in 6 languages, online order status, online shipment status, same operative system for all products, European high-quality products, environment-friendly products and make savings in procurement, project management, engineering, order execution, stock, shipment, customs duty, request for quotation, technical clarification, commercial clarification, negotiation, translation, manufacturer visit.

Order online porcelain insulator with worldwide fast shipping

Our customized porcelain insulator sourced from leading, European manufactures such as: Bonomi, Elektroporcelán, Siemens Energy, Hitachi Energy, ABB, GE, Sediver, VERESCENCE La Granja, Lviv Insulator, AIZ, Ensto, FCI, Iberapa, Inael, IZOELEKTRO, KUVAG, Nyir Mix Trade, Pfisterer, Radpol, Zapel, Aresmetal, Biname, CERISOL, LAPP Insulators, GIG Group, Nikdim, PPC, Allied Insulators, Alce Elektrik, Elettroresin, Georg Jordan, KPB Intra, LUKA, Birer, Sonneberg, MBS, Reinhausen, Polipar, CEIE, Electroceramica, Elettroresin, Esitas, Alstom, Koncar, Schneider Electric, TE Connectivity.

We ensure fast delivery of porcelain insulator to Bulgaria (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna), Czech Republic (Prague, Brno, Ostrava), Hungary (Budapest), Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Eindhoven), Poland (Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań), Romania (Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara), Slovakia (Bratislava, Kosice), Ukraine (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro), Bahrain (Manama, Riffa), Bangladesh (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna), Egypt (Cairo, Aswan, Luxor), Ghana (Accra, Kumasi, Tamale), India (Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore), Iraq (Baghdad, Al-Mawsil, Al-Basrah), Kenya (Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru), Kuwait (Ḩawallī), Namibia(Windhoek, Rundu, Walvis Bay), Nigeria (Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna), Oman (Muscat, Seeb, Salalah), Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad), Qatar (Doha, Al Rayyan), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Medina), South Africa (Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Soweto), Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha), United Arab Emirates (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah), Zambia (Lusaka, Kitwe), Croatia (Zagreb, Split, Rijeka), Greece (Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras), Israel (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa), Turkey (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa), Canada (Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa, Edmonton, Vancouver), USA (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose), China (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Chongqing), South Korea (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu), Taiwan (Taipei, Kaohsiung City, Taichung, Tainan City), Denmark (Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense), Finland (Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa), Georgia (Tbilisi, Batumi), Ireland (Dublin, Belfast, Cork), Kazakhstan (Almaty, Nur-Sultan, Shymkent), Norway (Oslo, Stavanger, Bergen), Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo), United Kingdom (London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Manchester), Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide), Indonesia (Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, Seberang Perai, Subang Jaya), New Zealand (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch), Philippines (Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan City), Singapore, Thailand (Bangkok, Nonthaburi), Viet Nam (Hanoi), Hong Kong.

Customized porcelain insulator for best price and fast worldwide delivery

Porcelain insulators play a crucial role in power transmission and distribution systems by providing electrical insulation and mechanical support for overhead lines and other electrical equipment. These insulators are commonly used in high-voltage applications due to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Here are some key aspects related to porcelain insulators for power transmission and distribution:

Material and Construction: Material: Porcelain insulators are typically made from high-quality clay, feldspar, and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to create a durable and vitrified material. Construction: The insulators are usually constructed as a series of discs or shells connected by metal fittings. The number of discs depends on the voltage rating of the insulator.

Types of Porcelain Insulators: Pin Insulators: Used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Suspension Insulators: Hung from overhead structures and used in high-voltage transmission lines. Strain Insulators: Used to provide insulation in locations where the conductor changes direction or is terminated.

Functions: Electrical Insulation: Prevents the flow of electric current between the conductor and the supporting structure. Mechanical Support: Supports the weight of the conductors and withstands environmental forces like wind and ice.

Voltage Classes: Porcelain insulators are available in various voltage classes to meet the requirements of different power systems, ranging from low voltage (LV) to extra high voltage (EHV) applications.

Design Considerations: Creepage Distance: The distance along the surface of the insulator that prevents the formation of a conducting path due to contaminants and pollutants. Flashover Voltage: The minimum voltage that causes a disruptive discharge over the surface of the insulator. Mechanical Strength: Porcelain insulators must have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand mechanical loads, especially in areas prone to strong winds and ice.

Maintenance and Inspection: Regular inspection is necessary to identify any cracks, chips, or contamination on the insulator surface. Cleaning and washing insulators may be required to maintain their performance.

Advantages: High dielectric strength. Resistance to environmental conditions. Long service life when properly maintained.

Challenges: Porcelain insulators are relatively heavy compared to other materials. Susceptible to damage from mechanical impact.

Alternative Materials: In certain applications, polymer insulators are gaining popularity due to their lighter weight and resistance to vandalism.

International Standards: Porcelain insulators are manufactured in accordance with international standards, such as IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

Porcelain insulators continue to be widely used in power systems globally, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving their performance and exploring alternative materials for specific applications.

According to IEC VDE DIN ANSI ISO IEEE standards, porcelain insulator is of the following type post insulator, railway insulator, suspension insulator, tension insulator, construction metal end fitting, e-field control, rod, housing, sheath of the rod, weather sheath and features high voltage, medium voltage, low voltage, manual and label, indoor use, outdoor use, wet weather conditions, antistatic, tested, electrostatic, certified, adjustable, insulated, insulating, composite, oil resistant, high quality.

In power transmission and distribution systems, porcelain insulators are classified into different types based on their design, application, and voltage requirements. Here are some common types of porcelain insulators used in power transmission and distribution:

Pin Insulators: Application: Typically used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Design: Consists of a single porcelain piece with a spindle at the center. The spindle is used to attach the insulator to a crossarm on a utility pole.

Suspension Insulators: Application: Used in high-voltage transmission lines to support and insulate conductors. Design: Consists of multiple porcelain discs connected in series by a metal link or rod. The entire assembly is suspended from a supporting structure.

Strain Insulators: Application: Employed in locations where the conductor changes direction or is terminated. Design: Similar to suspension insulators but designed to withstand tension forces along the line.

Post Insulators: Application: Used in substations and switchyards to support busbars and other equipment. Design: Typically cylindrical or rectangular in shape, with flanges for mounting. Post insulators provide insulation between the conductor and the supporting structure.

Cap and Pin Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution systems. Design: Combines the features of both pin and suspension insulators. It has a cap on the top, resembling a pin insulator, and a series of discs underneath, similar to a suspension insulator.

Shackle Insulators: Application: Used in low-voltage distribution systems, particularly for supporting service wires. Design: Resembles a short, single-disc suspension insulator with a metal eye or shackle for attachment.

Clevis Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution lines. Design: Features a clevis or U-shaped metal fitting for attachment to a crossarm on a utility pole. The design provides both electrical insulation and mechanical support.

Transformer Bushings: Application: Used in transformers to provide electrical insulation between the winding and the transformer tank. Design: Bushing-shaped insulators installed on the top cover or sidewall of a transformer.

These types of porcelain insulators are selected based on the specific requirements of the power system, including voltage levels, environmental conditions, and mechanical loads. It’s important to consider factors such as creepage distance, flashover voltage, and mechanical strength when choosing the appropriate type of porcelain insulator for a given application. Additionally, adherence to international standards ensures the reliability and performance of these insulators in power transmission and distribution networks.

Porcelain insulators are widely used in power transmission and distribution for their excellent electrical insulating properties, mechanical strength, and resistance to environmental conditions. The various types of porcelain insulators find applications in different aspects of power systems. Here’s how porcelain insulators are commonly used in power transmission and distribution:

Pin Insulators: Application: Used in distribution systems to support and insulate overhead power lines. Placement: Mounted on the crossarms of utility poles. Function: Provides electrical insulation between the conductor and the pole, preventing current leakage.

Suspension Insulators: Application: Employed in high-voltage transmission lines to support and insulate conductors. Placement: Hung in a vertical string from supporting structures such as towers or poles. Function: Distributes the electrical potential along the string of insulators, preventing arcing and ensuring effective insulation.

Strain Insulators: Application: Used at points where conductors change direction or terminate, absorbing tension forces. Placement: Installed at dead-end points or corners of the transmission line. Function: Provides both electrical insulation and mechanical support, preventing damage to the line during tension changes.

Post Insulators: Application: Installed in substations and switchyards to support and insulate busbars and other equipment. Placement: Mounted on structures to support electrical equipment. Function: Offers insulation for conductors in a compact form factor, essential for the efficient operation of substations.

Cap and Pin Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution systems. Placement: Installed on distribution poles. Function: Combines the features of pin and suspension insulators, providing both mechanical support and electrical insulation.

Shackle Insulators: Application: Used in low-voltage distribution systems, often for supporting service wires. Placement: Attached to crossarms on utility poles. Function: Provides electrical insulation and support for low-voltage lines.

Clevis Insulators: Application: Commonly used in medium-voltage distribution lines. Placement: Mounted on crossarms on utility poles. Function: Offers a combination of electrical insulation and mechanical support.

Transformer Bushings: Application: Installed on transformers to provide insulation between the transformer windings and the tank. Placement: Mounted on the top cover or sidewall of the transformer. Function: Ensures electrical integrity within the transformer.

Porcelain insulators are chosen based on factors such as voltage level, environmental conditions, and mechanical load requirements. Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to ensure the continued reliability and performance of porcelain insulators in power transmission and distribution networks.

Porcelain insulator and safe working environment

To ensure a safe working environment, use porcelain insulator in e-mobility, high voltage substation, medium voltage substation, low voltage substation, overhead power line, transformer substation, high voltage switchgear, medium voltage switchgear, low voltage switchgear, railway, subway, tramway, solar panels, hybrid car, batteries, cable, electrical sector, power plant, production, transport, energy transmission, energy distribution.

Buy online porcelain insulator save a lot of time and money

As a electrician, procurement, sales engineer, bidding engineer, design engineer, project manager, commissioning engineer, service engineer, operations engineer, safety manager, quality manager, electrical engineer, electrical engineer, automotive engineer, chemical engineer, electronics engineer, engineering department manager, environmental engineer, health and safety engineer, hydraulics engineer, industrial engineer, installation, repair, department manager, logistics engineer, materials engineer, mechanical engineer, planning engineer, production engineer, professional engineer, structural engineer, technical department manager, electrician welder, craftsman construction worker, installation worker, safety worker, procurement, purchasing, supervisor, foreman, commissioning engineer, skilled mechanics fitter, skilled electricians, non-skilled labor, electric engineer, you benefit from direct procurement, customized products, fast delivery, huge product variety, 24/7 stock, price, delivery time availability, 24/7 live chat in 6 languages, online order status, online shipment status, same operative system for all products, European high-quality products, environment-friendly products and make savings in procurement, project management, engineering, order execution, stock, shipment, customs duty, request for quotation, technical clarification, commercial clarification, negotiation, translation, manufacturer visit.

Order online porcelain insulator with worldwide fast shipping

Our customized porcelain insulator sourced from leading, European manufactures such as: Bonomi, Elektroporcelán, Siemens Energy, Hitachi Energy, ABB, GE, Sediver, VERESCENCE La Granja, Lviv Insulator, AIZ, Ensto, FCI, Iberapa, Inael, IZOELEKTRO, KUVAG, Nyir Mix Trade, Pfisterer, Radpol, Zapel, Aresmetal, Biname, CERISOL, LAPP Insulators, GIG Group, Nikdim, PPC, Allied Insulators, Alce Elektrik, Elettroresin, Georg Jordan, KPB Intra, LUKA, Birer, Sonneberg, MBS, Reinhausen, Polipar, CEIE, Electroceramica, Elettroresin, Esitas, Alstom, Koncar, Schneider Electric, TE Connectivity.

We ensure fast delivery of porcelain insulator to Bulgaria (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna), Czech Republic (Prague, Brno, Ostrava), Hungary (Budapest), Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Eindhoven), Poland (Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań), Romania (Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara), Slovakia (Bratislava, Kosice), Ukraine (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro), Bahrain (Manama, Riffa), Bangladesh (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna), Egypt (Cairo, Aswan, Luxor), Ghana (Accra, Kumasi, Tamale), India (Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore), Iraq (Baghdad, Al-Mawsil, Al-Basrah), Kenya (Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru), Kuwait (Ḩawallī), Namibia(Windhoek, Rundu, Walvis Bay), Nigeria (Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna), Oman (Muscat, Seeb, Salalah), Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad), Qatar (Doha, Al Rayyan), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Medina), South Africa (Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Soweto), Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha), United Arab Emirates (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah), Zambia (Lusaka, Kitwe), Croatia (Zagreb, Split, Rijeka), Greece (Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras), Israel (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa), Turkey (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa), Canada (Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa, Edmonton, Vancouver), USA (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose), China (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Chongqing), South Korea (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu), Taiwan (Taipei, Kaohsiung City, Taichung, Tainan City), Denmark (Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense), Finland (Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa), Georgia (Tbilisi, Batumi), Ireland (Dublin, Belfast, Cork), Kazakhstan (Almaty, Nur-Sultan, Shymkent), Norway (Oslo, Stavanger, Bergen), Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo), United Kingdom (London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Manchester), Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide), Indonesia (Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, Seberang Perai, Subang Jaya), New Zealand (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch), Philippines (Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan City), Singapore, Thailand (Bangkok, Nonthaburi), Viet Nam (Hanoi), Hong Kong.